They date from the time where SonarQube had a SAML plugin, while now the implementation is embedded, but the approach and configuration fields are the same still. The MS tutorial just wrongly states that the user account needs to be created on SonarQube side.
Did you find and follow them already?
If you’ve configured group mapping (claims), you’ll need to add all needed groups to SonarQube manually or through its APIs.
If you are there and your connection does not work still, you will need to activate SonarQube DEBUG logs and look into your web.log to check for any meaningful error.
Feel free to share your findings.