This can happen if the extension cannot reach Sonar’s binary repository server when the extension starts and/or if the downloaded file is corrupted in transit. Usual suspects are proxy servers, firewalls and unresponsive name servers.
The actual error should be visible in the developer console, would it be possible for you to share it with us?
You can go through: “Help” > “Toggle Developer Tools”, right click in the console and “Save as…”
[EDIT]
For the record, the URL of the downloaded file follows this format: https://binaries.sonarsource.com/CommercialDistribution/sonar-cfamily-plugin/sonar-cfamily-plugin-${expectedVersion}.jar (source for reference).