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@Colin this is what the logs say.
Same issue for me.
sonar.log says this
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] EventWatcher[ElasticSearch] tryToMoveTo Web Server from INIT to STARTING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 INFO app[][o.s.a.ProcessLauncherImpl] Launch process[WEB_SERVER] from [C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116]: C:\Program Files\Microsoft\jdk-21.0.3.9-hotspot\bin\java -Djava.awt.headless=true -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -Djava.io.tmpdir=C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116\temp -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow --add-opens=java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport=ALL-UNNAMED --add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/sun.nio.ch=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.management/sun.management=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=jdk.management/com.sun.management.internal=ALL-UNNAMED -server -Xmx1024m -Xms256m -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -Dhttp.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.*|[::1] -cp ./lib/sonar-application-10.6.0.92116.jar;C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116\lib\jdbc\postgresql\postgresql-42.7.3.jar org.sonar.server.app.WebServer C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116\temp\sq-process14573318067880540188properties
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][j.l.ProcessBuilder] ProcessBuilder.start(): pid: 7508, dir: C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116, cmd: "C:\Program Files\Microsoft\jdk-21.0.3.9-hotspot\bin\java"
java.lang.RuntimeException: ProcessBuilder.start() debug
at java.base/java.lang.ProcessBuilder.start(ProcessBuilder.java:1147)
at java.base/java.lang.ProcessBuilder.start(ProcessBuilder.java:1089)
at org.sonar.application.ProcessLauncherImpl$JavaLangProcessBuilder.start(ProcessLauncherImpl.java:372)
at org.sonar.application.ProcessLauncherImpl.launchJava(ProcessLauncherImpl.java:227)
at org.sonar.application.ProcessLauncherImpl.launch(ProcessLauncherImpl.java:96)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.lambda$tryToStartProcess$2(SchedulerImpl.java:192)
at org.sonar.application.process.ManagedProcessHandler.start(ManagedProcessHandler.java:76)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.tryToStartProcess(SchedulerImpl.java:190)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.tryToStartWeb(SchedulerImpl.java:160)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.tryToStartAll(SchedulerImpl.java:135)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.onAppStateOperational(SchedulerImpl.java:349)
at org.sonar.application.AppStateImpl.lambda$setOperational$1(AppStateImpl.java:50)
at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1596)
at org.sonar.application.AppStateImpl.setOperational(AppStateImpl.java:50)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.onProcessOperational(SchedulerImpl.java:338)
at org.sonar.application.SchedulerImpl.onManagedProcessEvent(SchedulerImpl.java:329)
at org.sonar.application.process.ManagedProcessHandler.lambda$refreshState$0(ManagedProcessHandler.java:225)
at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1596)
at org.sonar.application.process.ManagedProcessHandler.refreshState(ManagedProcessHandler.java:225)
at org.sonar.application.process.ManagedProcessHandler$EventWatcher.run(ManagedProcessHandler.java:288)
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] EventWatcher[ElasticSearch] tryToMoveTo Web Server from STARTING to STARTED => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 WARN app[][o.s.a.p.AbstractManagedProcess] Process exited with exit value [Web Server]: 1
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] StopWatcher[Web Server] tryToMoveTo Web Server from STARTED to HARD_STOPPING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] StopWatcher[Web Server] tryToMoveTo Web Server from HARD_STOPPING to FINALIZE_STOPPING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] Process[Web Server] is stopped
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] StopWatcher[Web Server] tryToMoveTo Web Server from FINALIZE_STOPPING to STOPPED => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.NodeLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo from STARTING to HARD_STOPPING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo Compute Engine from INIT to HARD_STOPPING => false
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo Web Server from STOPPED to HARD_STOPPING => false
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo ElasticSearch from STARTED to HARD_STOPPING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo ElasticSearch from HARD_STOPPING to FINALIZE_STOPPING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] StopWatcher[ElasticSearch] tryToMoveTo ElasticSearch from FINALIZE_STOPPING to HARD_STOPPING => false
2024.07.08 15:20:30 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] Process[ElasticSearch] is stopped
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.NodeLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo from HARD_STOPPING to FINALIZE_STOPPING => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.NodeLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo from FINALIZE_STOPPING to STOPPED => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 INFO app[][o.s.a.SchedulerImpl] SonarQube is stopped
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][java.lang.Runtime] Runtime.exit() called with status: 0
java.lang.Throwable: Runtime.exit(0)
at java.base/java.lang.Shutdown.logRuntimeExit(Shutdown.java:179)
at java.base/java.lang.Shutdown.exit(Shutdown.java:160)
at java.base/java.lang.Runtime.exit(Runtime.java:188)
at java.base/java.lang.System.exit(System.java:1920)
at org.sonar.process.SystemExit.doExit(SystemExit.java:48)
at org.sonar.process.SystemExit.exit(SystemExit.java:32)
at org.sonar.application.App.start(App.java:77)
at org.sonar.application.App.main(App.java:81)
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo ElasticSearch from FINALIZE_STOPPING to STOPPED => true
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.NodeLifecycle] HardStopper-0 tryToMoveTo from STOPPED to FINALIZE_STOPPING => false
2024.07.08 15:20:30 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.NodeLifecycle] Shutdown Hook tryToMoveTo from STOPPED to STOPPING => false
If I use Java 17, which recommended for SonarQube from ZIP,
2024.07.08 15:22:03 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] EventWatcher[ElasticSearch] tryToMoveTo Web Server from INIT to STARTING => true
2024.07.08 15:22:03 INFO app[][o.s.a.ProcessLauncherImpl] Launch process[WEB_SERVER] from [C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116]: C:\Program Files\Microsoft\jdk-17.0.11.9-hotspot\bin\java -Djava.awt.headless=true -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -Djava.io.tmpdir=C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116\temp -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow --add-opens=java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport=ALL-UNNAMED --add-exports=java.base/jdk.internal.ref=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/sun.nio.ch=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.management/sun.management=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=jdk.management/com.sun.management.internal=ALL-UNNAMED -server -Xmx1024m -Xms256m -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -Dhttp.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.*|[::1] -cp ./lib/sonar-application-10.6.0.92116.jar;C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116\lib\jdbc\postgresql\postgresql-42.7.3.jar org.sonar.server.app.WebServer C:\Sonarqube\sonarqube-10.6.0.92116\temp\sq-process12334748253759072138properties
2024.07.08 15:22:03 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.ManagedProcessLifecycle] EventWatcher[ElasticSearch] tryToMoveTo Web Server from STARTING to STARTED => true
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG app[][o.s.a.p.AbstractManagedProcess] Process exited with exit value [Web Server]: 0
And with Java 17 web.log is populated with
2024.07.08 15:22:05 WARN web[][o.s.c.a.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext] Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader@4e0e2f2a-org.sonar.db.DefaultDatabase': Initialization of bean failed; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Fail to connect to database
2024.07.08 15:22:05 ERROR web[][o.s.s.p.w.PlatformServletContextListener] Web server startup failed
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader@4e0e2f2a-org.sonar.db.DefaultDatabase': Initialization of bean failed; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: Fail to connect to database
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:628)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:542)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:335)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:333)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:208)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:955)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:929)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:591)
at org.sonar.core.platform.SpringComponentContainer.startComponents(SpringComponentContainer.java:225)
at org.sonar.server.platform.platformlevel.PlatformLevel.start(PlatformLevel.java:80)
at org.sonar.server.platform.platformlevel.PlatformLevel1.start(PlatformLevel1.java:164)
at org.sonar.server.platform.PlatformImpl.start(PlatformImpl.java:214)
at org.sonar.server.platform.PlatformImpl.startLevel1Container(PlatformImpl.java:179)
at org.sonar.server.platform.PlatformImpl.init(PlatformImpl.java:79)
at org.sonar.server.platform.web.PlatformServletContextListener.contextInitialized(PlatformServletContextListener.java:45)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:4462)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:4914)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1332)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1322)
at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.InlineExecutorService.execute(InlineExecutorService.java:75)
at java.base/java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService.submit(AbstractExecutorService.java:145)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.startInternal(ContainerBase.java:866)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.startInternal(StandardHost.java:794)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1332)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1322)
at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.InlineExecutorService.execute(InlineExecutorService.java:75)
at java.base/java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService.submit(AbstractExecutorService.java:145)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.startInternal(ContainerBase.java:866)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.startInternal(StandardEngine.java:248)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.startInternal(StandardService.java:433)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.startInternal(StandardServer.java:925)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:171)
at org.apache.catalina.startup.Tomcat.start(Tomcat.java:438)
at org.sonar.server.app.EmbeddedTomcat.start(EmbeddedTomcat.java:72)
at org.sonar.server.app.WebServer.start(WebServer.java:55)
at org.sonar.process.ProcessEntryPoint.launch(ProcessEntryPoint.java:97)
at org.sonar.process.ProcessEntryPoint.launch(ProcessEntryPoint.java:81)
at org.sonar.server.app.WebServer.main(WebServer.java:104)
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Fail to connect to database
at org.sonar.db.DefaultDatabase.start(DefaultDatabase.java:130)
at org.sonar.core.platform.StartableBeanPostProcessor.postProcessBeforeInitialization(StartableBeanPostProcessor.java:33)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:440)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1796)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:620)
... 44 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.sonar.api.utils.MessageException: Unsupported postgresql version: 10.17. Minimal supported version is 11.0.
2024.07.08 15:22:05 WARN web[][o.a.c.l.WebappClassLoaderBase] The web application [ROOT] appears to have started a thread named [HikariPool-1 housekeeper] but has failed to stop it. This is very likely to create a memory leak. Stack trace of thread:\n java.base@17.0.11/jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.park(Native Method)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.parkNanos(LockSupport.java:252)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer$ConditionObject.awaitNanos(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java:1674)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$DelayedWorkQueue.take(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:1182)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor$DelayedWorkQueue.take(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:899)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.getTask(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1062)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1122)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:635)\n java.base@17.0.11/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:840)
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.s.s.a.TomcatAccessLog] Tomcat is started
2024.07.08 15:22:05 INFO web[][o.s.p.ProcessEntryPoint] Hard stopping process
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][c.z.h.p.HikariPool] HikariPool-1 - Before cleanup stats (total=1, active=0, idle=1, waiting=0)
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][c.z.h.p.HikariPool] HikariPool-1 - After cleanup stats (total=1, active=0, idle=1, waiting=0)
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.postgresql.Driver] Connecting with URL: jdbc:postgresql://psql.domain.host:5432/sonar_dev
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.p.c.v.ConnectionFactoryImpl] Trying to establish a protocol version 3 connection to psql.domain.host:5432
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.p.c.v.ConnectionFactoryImpl] Receive Buffer Size is 65,536
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.p.c.v.ConnectionFactoryImpl] Send Buffer Size is 65,536
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.p.ssl.MakeSSL] converting regular socket connection to ssl
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][c.z.h.p.HikariPool] HikariPool-1 - Added connection org.postgresql.jdbc.PgConnection@4d634f3e
2024.07.08 15:22:05 DEBUG web[][o.s.s.a.TomcatAccessLog] Tomcat is stopped
Caused by: org.sonar.api.utils.MessageException: Unsupported postgresql version: 10.17. Minimal supported version is 11.0.
Oh, damn…
That’s a totally non-breaking change for a minor version upgrade with no release notes 
EDIT: Well, I’ve just learned that Postgres 10 has been unsupported since Nov 2022. Nobody to blame but myself 
Well, it worked back then 