On the Azure Agents pre-installed JDK those are already the default values, below shows all values set:
security.provider.1=SUN
security.provider.2=SunRsaSign
security.provider.3=SunEC
security.provider.4=SunJSSE
security.provider.5=SunJCE
security.provider.6=SunJGSS
security.provider.7=SunSASL
security.provider.8=XMLDSig
security.provider.9=SunPCSC
security.provider.10=JdkLDAP
security.provider.11=JdkSASL
security.provider.12=SunPKCS11
securerandom.source=file:/dev/random
securerandom.strongAlgorithms=NativePRNGBlocking:SUN,DRBG:SUN
securerandom.drbg.config=
login.configuration.provider=sun.security.provider.ConfigFile
policy.provider=sun.security.provider.PolicyFile
policy.url.1=file:${java.home}/conf/security/java.policy
policy.url.2=file:${user.home}/.java.policy
policy.expandProperties=true
policy.allowSystemProperty=true
policy.ignoreIdentityScope=false
keystore.type=pkcs12
keystore.type.compat=true
package.access=sun.misc.,\
sun.reflect.
package.definition=sun.misc.,\
sun.reflect.
security.overridePropertiesFile=true
ssl.KeyManagerFactory.algorithm=SunX509
ssl.TrustManagerFactory.algorithm=PKIX
networkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10
krb5.kdc.bad.policy = tryLast
sun.security.krb5.disableReferrals=false
sun.security.krb5.maxReferrals=5
jdk.certpath.disabledAlgorithms=MD2, MD5, SHA1 jdkCA & usage TLSServer, \
RSA keySize < 1024, DSA keySize < 1024, EC keySize < 224, \
SHA1 usage SignedJAR & denyAfter 2019-01-01
jdk.security.legacyAlgorithms=SHA1, \
RSA keySize < 2048, DSA keySize < 2048, \
DES, DESede, MD5, RC2, ARCFOUR
jdk.jar.disabledAlgorithms=MD2, MD5, RSA keySize < 1024, \
DSA keySize < 1024, SHA1 denyAfter 2019-01-01
http.auth.digest.disabledAlgorithms = MD5, SHA-1
jdk.tls.disabledAlgorithms=SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1, DTLSv1.0, RC4, DES, \
MD5withRSA, DH keySize < 1024, EC keySize < 224, 3DES_EDE_CBC, anon, NULL, \
ECDH
jdk.tls.legacyAlgorithms=NULL, anon, RC4, DES, 3DES_EDE_CBC
jdk.tls.keyLimits=AES/GCM/NoPadding KeyUpdate 2^37, \
ChaCha20-Poly1305 KeyUpdate 2^37
crypto.policy=unlimited
jdk.xml.dsig.secureValidationPolicy=\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-md5,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-md5,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#md5,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2007/05/xmldsig-more#sha1-rsa-MGF1,\
disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#ecdsa-sha1,\
maxTransforms 5,\
maxReferences 30,\
disallowReferenceUriSchemes file http https,\
minKeySize RSA 1024,\
minKeySize DSA 1024,\
minKeySize EC 224,\
noDuplicateIds,\
noRetrievalMethodLoops
jceks.key.serialFilter = java.base/java.lang.Enum;java.base/java.security.KeyRep;\
java.base/java.security.KeyRep$Type;java.base/javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;!*
jdk.sasl.disabledMechanisms=
jdk.security.caDistrustPolicies=SYMANTEC_TLS,ENTRUST_TLS,CAMERFIRMA_TLS
jdk.io.permissionsUseCanonicalPath=false
jdk.tls.alpnCharset=ISO_8859_1