Hi Mike,
Looking at your configuration, when you run mvn verify or install or deploy, the jacoco-maven-plugin should create the file target/site/jacoco/jacoco.xml. Do you have this file?
Then, if you run mvn -X sonar:sonar you should see log like the following, do you confirm?
[INFO] 16:59:10.201 Sensor JaCoCo XML Report Importer [jacoco]
[INFO] 16:59:10.201 1/1 source files have been analyzed
[DEBUG] 16:59:10.203 Reading report '/home/user/project/target/site/jacoco/jacoco.xml'
[INFO] 16:59:10.208 Sensor JaCoCo XML Report Importer [jacoco] (done) | time=7ms
More info in [Coverage & Test Data] Importing JaCoCo coverage report in XML format
And out of curiosity, what your project is about? Because I see a dependency on org.sonarsource.sonarqube:sonar-plugin-api, do you want to create your own SonarQube plugin? Same question for sonar-packaging-maven-plugin? You don’t need this to run mvn sonar:sonar. There’s a dependency on org.codehaus.sonar:sonar-plugin-api, here I don’t see who could need this.
And you don’t need the jacoco-maven-plugin dependency, only keep your jacoco configuration in <build><plugins><plugin>.